Internal Registers

Mnemonic Friendly Name Description
A Accumulator The accumulator. This is the math register. It stores one of two operands or the result of most arithmetic and logical operations.
X, Y Index The index registers. These can be used to reference memory, to pass data to memory, or as counters for loops.
S Stack Pointer The stack pointer, points to the next available(unused) location on the stack.
DBR / DB Data Bank Data bank register, holds the default bank for memory transfers.
D / DP Direct Page Direct page register, used for direct page addressing modes. Holds the memory bank address of the data the CPU is accessing.
PB / PBR Program Bank Program Bank, holds the bank address of all instruction fetches.
P Processor Status Holds various important flags, results of tests and 65816 processing states. See below.
PC Program Counter Holds the memory address of the current CPU instruction

Flags stored in P Register

Mnemonic Value Binary Value Description
N #$80 10000000 Negative
V #$40 01000000 Overflow
M #$20 00100000 Accumulator register size (native mode only), (0 = 16-bit, 1 = 8-bit)
X #$10 00010000 Index register size (native mode only), (0 = 16-bit, 1 = 8-bit)
D #$08 00001000 Decimal
I #$04 00000100 IRQ disable
Z #$02 00000010 Zero
C #$01 00000001 Carry
E 6502 emulation mode
B #$10 00010000 Break (emulation mode only)

Addressing Modes

Mode Example
Implied PHB
Immediate[MemoryFlag] AND #1 or 2 bytes
Immediate[IndexFlag] LDX #1 or 2 bytes
Immediate[8-Bit] SEP #byte
Relative BEQ byte (signed)
Relative long BRL 2 bytes (signed)
Direct AND byte
Direct indexed (with X) AND byte, x
Direct indexed (with Y) AND byte, y
Direct indirect AND (byte)
Direct indexed indirect AND (byte, x)
Direct indirect indexed AND (byte), y
Direct indirect long AND [byte]
Direct indirect indexed long AND [byte], y
Absolute AND 2bytes
Absolute indexed (with X) AND 2bytes, x
Absolute indexed (with Y) AND 2bytes, y
Absolute long AND 3bytes
Absolute indexed long AND 3bytes, x
Stack relative AND byte, s
Stack relative indirect indexed AND (byte, s), y
Absolute indirect JMP (2bytes)
Absolute indirect long JML [2bytes]
Absolute indexed indirect JMP/JSR (2bytes,x)
Implied accumulator INC
Block move MVN/MVP byte, byte

Instructions

Instructions are a breakdown of machine code. For the SNES, they consist of a 1-byte opcode followed by a 0-3 byte operand. Full instructions may be known as words. For example, the instruction ADC $3A occupies 2 bytes in memory, and if assembled, it would be stored as E6 3A.

Most instructions that are at least 2 bytes long have more than one addressing mode. Addressing modes are put in place so basic instructions may be interpreted correctly given a wide range of operands.

Assembler Example Alias Proper Name HEX Addressing Mode Flags Set Bytes Cycles
ADC (dp,X) Add With Carry 61 DP Indexed Indirect,X NV----ZC 2 6[1][2]
ADC sr,S Add With Carry 63 Stack Relative NV----ZC 2 4[1]
ADC dp Add With Carry 65 Direct Page NV----ZC 2 3[1][2]
ADC [dp] Add With Carry 67 DP Indirect Long NV----ZC 2 6[1][2]
ADC #const Add With Carry 69 Immediate NV----ZC 2[12] 2[1]
ADC addr Add With Carry 6D Absolute NV----ZC 3 4[1]
ADC long Add With Carry 6F Absolute Long NV----ZC 4 5[1]
ADC ( dp),Y Add With Carry 71 DP Indirect Indexed, Y NV----ZC 2 5[1][2][3]
ADC (dp) Add With Carry 72 DP Indirect NV----ZC 2 5[1][2]
ADC (sr,S),Y Add With Carry 73 SR Indirect Indexed,Y NV----ZC 2 7[1]
ADC dp,X Add With Carry 75 DP Indexed,X NV----ZC 2 4[1][2]
ADC [dp],Y Add With Carry 77 DP Indirect Long Indexed, Y NV----ZC 2 6[1][2]
ADC addr,Y Add With Carry 79 Absolute Indexed,Y NV----ZC 3 4[1][3]
ADC addr,X Add With Carry 7D Absolute Indexed,X NV----ZC 3 4[1][3]
ADC long,X Add With Carry 7F Absolute Long Indexed,X NV----ZC 4 5[1]
AND (dp,X) AND Accumulator with Memory 21 DP Indexed Indirect,X N-----Z- 2 6[1][2]
AND sr,S AND Accumulator with Memory 23 Stack Relative N-----Z- 2 4[1]
AND dp AND Accumulator with Memory 25 Direct Page N-----Z- 2 3[1][2]
AND [dp] AND Accumulator with Memory 27 DP Indirect Long N-----Z- 2 6[1][2]
AND #const AND Accumulator with Memory 29 Immediate N-----Z- 2[12] 2[1]
AND addr AND Accumulator with Memory 2D Absolute N-----Z- 3 4[1]
AND long AND Accumulator with Memory 2F Absolute Long N-----Z- 4 5[1]
AND (dp),Y AND Accumulator with Memory 31 DP Indirect Indexed, Y N-----Z- 2 5[1][2][3]
AND (dp) AND Accumulator with Memory 32 DP Indirect N-----Z- 2 5[1][2]
AND (sr,S),Y AND Accumulator with Memory 33 SR Indirect Indexed,Y N-----Z- 2 7[1]
AND dp,X AND Accumulator with Memory 35 DP Indexed,X N-----Z- 2 4[1][2]
AND [dp],Y AND Accumulator with Memory 37 DP Indirect Long Indexed, Y N-----Z- 2 6[1][2]
AND addr,Y AND Accumulator with Memory 39 Absolute Indexed,Y N-----Z- 3 4[1][3]
AND addr,X AND Accumulator with Memory 3D Absolute Indexed,X N-----Z- 3 4[1][3]
AND long,X AND Accumulator with Memory 3F Absolute Long Indexed,X N-----Z- 4 5[1]
ASL dp Arithmetic Shift Left 06 Direct Page N-----ZC 2 5[2][4]
ASL A Arithmetic Shift Left 0A Accumulator N-----ZC 1 2
ASL addr Arithmetic Shift Left 0E Absolute N-----ZC 3 6[4]
ASL dp,X Arithmetic Shift Left 16 DP Indexed,X N-----ZC 2 6[2][4]
ASL addr,X Arithmetic Shift Left 1E Absolute Indexed,X N-----ZC 3 7[4]
BCC nearlabel BLT Branch if Carry Clear 90 Program Counter Relative 2 2[5][6]
BCS nearlabel BGE Branch if Carry Set B0 Program Counter Relative 2 2[5][6]
BEQ nearlabel Branch if Equal F0 Program Counter Relative 2 2[5][6]
BIT dp Test Bits 24 Direct Page NV----Z- 2 3[1][2]
BIT addr Test Bits 2C Absolute NV----Z- 3 4[1]
BIT dp,X Test Bits 34 DP Indexed,X NV----Z- 2 4[1][2]
BIT addr,X Test Bits 3C Absolute Indexed,X NV----Z- 3 4[1][3]
BIT #const Test Bits 89 Immediate ------Z- 2[12] 2[1]
BMI nearlabel Branch if Minus 30 Program Counter Relative 2 2[5][6]
BNE nearlabel Branch if Not Equal D0 Program Counter Relative 2 2[5][6]
BPL nearlabel Branch if Plus 10 Program Counter Relative 2 2[5][6]
BRA nearlabel Branch Always 80 Program Counter Relative 2 3[6]
BRK Break 00 Stack/Interrupt ----DI-- 2[13] 7[7]
BRL label Branch Long Always 82 Program Counter Relative Long 3 4
BVC nearlabel Branch if Overflow Clear 50 Program Counter Relative 2 2[5][6]
BVS nearlabel Branch if Overflow Set 70 Program Counter Relative 2 2[5][6]
CLC Clear Carry 18 Implied -------C 1 2
CLD Clear Decimal Mode Flag D8 Implied ----D--- 1 2
CLI Clear Interrupt Disable Flag 58 Implied -----I-- 1 2
CLV Clear Overflow Flag B8 Implied -V------ 1 2
CMP (dp,X) Compare Accumulator with Memory C1 DP Indexed Indirect,X N-----ZC 2 6[1][2]
CMP sr,S Compare Accumulator with Memory C3 Stack Relative N-----ZC 2 4[1]
CMP dp Compare Accumulator with Memory C5 Direct Page N-----ZC 2 3[1][2]
CMP [dp] Compare Accumulator with Memory C7 DP Indirect Long N-----ZC 2 6[1][2]
CMP #const Compare Accumulator with Memory C9 Immediate N-----ZC 2[12] 2[1]
CMP addr Compare Accumulator with Memory CD Absolute N-----ZC 3 4[1]
CMP long Compare Accumulator with Memory CF Absolute Long N-----ZC 4 5[1]
CMP (dp),Y Compare Accumulator with Memory D1 DP Indirect Indexed, Y N-----ZC 2 5[1][2][3]
CMP (dp) Compare Accumulator with Memory D2 DP Indirect N-----ZC 2 5[1][2]
CMP (sr,S),Y Compare Accumulator with Memory D3 SR Indirect Indexed,Y N-----ZC 2 7[1]
CMP dp,X Compare Accumulator with Memory D5 DP Indexed,X N-----ZC 2 4[1][2]
CMP [dp],Y Compare Accumulator with Memory D7 DP Indirect Long Indexed, Y N-----ZC 2 6[1][2]
CMP addr,Y Compare Accumulator with Memory D9 Absolute Indexed,Y N-----ZC 3 4[1][3]
CMP addr,X Compare Accumulator with Memory DD Absolute Indexed,X N-----ZC 3 4[1][3]
CMP long,X Compare Accumulator with Memory DF Absolute Long Indexed,X N-----ZC 4 5[1]
COP #const Co-Processor 02 Stack/Interrupt ----DI-- 2[13] 7[7]
CPX #const Compare Index Register X with Memory E0 Immediate N-----ZC 2[14] 2[8]
CPX dp Compare Index Register X with Memory E4 Direct Page N-----ZC 2 3[2][8]
CPX addr Compare Index Register X with Memory EC Absolute N-----ZC 3 4[8]
CPY #const Compare Index Register Y with Memory C0 Immediate N-----ZC 2[14] 2[8]
CPY dp Compare Index Register Y with Memory C4 Direct Page N-----ZC 2 3[2][8]
CPY addr Compare Index Register Y with Memory CC Absolute N-----ZC 3 4[8]
DEC A DEA Decrement 3A Accumulator N-----Z- 1 2
DEC dp Decrement C6 Direct Page N-----Z- 2 5[2][4]
DEC addr Decrement CE Absolute N-----Z- 3 6[4]
DEC dp,X Decrement D6 DP Indexed,X N-----Z- 2 6[2][4]
DEC addr,X Decrement DE Absolute Indexed,X N-----Z- 3 7[4]
DEX Decrement Index Register X CA Implied N-----Z- 1 2
DEY Decrement Index Register Y 88 Implied N-----Z- 1 2
EOR (dp,X) Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 41 DP Indexed Indirect,X N-----Z- 2 6[1][2]
EOR sr,S Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 43 Stack Relative N-----Z- 2 4[1]
EOR dp Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 45 Direct Page N-----Z- 2 3[1][2]
EOR [dp] Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 47 DP Indirect Long N-----Z- 2 6[1][2]
EOR #const Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 49 Immediate N-----Z- 2[12] 2[1]
EOR addr Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 4D Absolute N-----Z- 3 4[1]
EOR long Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 4F Absolute Long N-----Z- 4 5[1]
EOR (dp),Y Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 51 DP Indirect Indexed, Y N-----Z- 2 5[1][2][3]
EOR (dp) Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 52 DP Indirect N-----Z- 2 5[1][2]
EOR (sr,S),Y Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 53 SR Indirect Indexed,Y N-----Z- 2 7[1]
EOR dp,X Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 55 DP Indexed,X N-----Z- 2 4[1][2]
EOR [dp],Y Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 57 DP Indirect Long Indexed, Y N-----Z- 2 6[1][2]
EOR addr,Y Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 59 Absolute Indexed,Y N-----Z- 3 4[1][3]
EOR addr,X Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 5D Absolute Indexed,X N-----Z- 3 4[1][3]
EOR long,X Exclusive-OR Accumulator with Memory 5F Absolute Long Indexed,X N-----Z- 4 5[1]
INC A INA Increment 1A Accumulator N-----Z- 1 2
INC dp Increment E6 Direct Page N-----Z- 2 5[2][4]
INC addr Increment EE Absolute N-----Z- 3 6[4]
INC dp,X Increment F6 DP Indexed,X N-----Z- 2 6[2][4]
INC addr,X Increment FE Absolute Indexed,X N-----Z- 3 7[4]
INX Increment Index Register X E8 Implied N-----Z- 1 2
INY Increment Index Register Y C8 Implied N-----Z- 1 2
JMP addr Jump 4C Absolute 3 3
JMP long JML Jump 5C Absolute Long 4 4
JMP (addr) Jump 6C Absolute Indirect 3 5
JMP (addr,X) Jump 7C Absolute Indexed Indirect 3 6
JMP [addr] JML Jump DC Absolute Indirect Long 3 6
JSR addr Jump to Subroutine 20 Absolute 3 6
JSR long JSL Jump to Subroutine 22 Absolute Long 4 8
JSR (addr,X)) Jump to Subroutine FC Absolute Indexed Indirect 3 8
LDA (dp,X) Load Accumulator from Memory A1 DP Indexed Indirect,X N-----Z- 2 6[1][2]
LDA sr,S Load Accumulator from Memory A3 Stack Relative N-----Z- 2 4[1]
LDA dp Load Accumulator from Memory A5 Direct Page N-----Z- 2 3[1][2]
LDA [dp] Load Accumulator from Memory A7 DP Indirect Long N-----Z- 2 6[1][2]
LDA #const Load Accumulator from Memory A9 Immediate N-----Z- 2[12] 2[1]
LDA addr Load Accumulator from Memory AD Absolute N-----Z- 3 4[1]
LDA long Load Accumulator from Memory AF Absolute Long N-----Z- 4 5[1]
LDA (dp),Y Load Accumulator from Memory B1 DP Indirect Indexed, Y N-----Z- 2 5[1][2][3]
LDA (dp) Load Accumulator from Memory B2 DP Indirect N-----Z- 2 5[1][2]
LDA (sr,S),Y Load Accumulator from Memory B3 SR Indirect Indexed,Y N-----Z- 2 7[1]
LDA dp,X Load Accumulator from Memory B5 DP Indexed,X N-----Z- 2 4[1][2]
LDA [dp],Y Load Accumulator from Memory B7 DP Indirect Long Indexed, Y N-----Z- 2 6[1][2]
LDA addr,Y Load Accumulator from Memory B9 Absolute Indexed,Y N-----Z- 3 4[1][3]
LDA addr,X Load Accumulator from Memory BD Absolute Indexed,X N-----Z- 3 4[1][3]
LDA long,X Load Accumulator from Memory BF Absolute Long Indexed,X N-----Z- 4 5[1]
LDX #const Load Index Register X from Memory A2 Immediate N-----Z- 2[14] 2[8]
LDX dp Load Index Register X from Memory A6 Direct Page N-----Z- 2 3[2][8]
LDX addr Load Index Register X from Memory AE Absolute N-----Z- 3 4[8]
LDX dp,Y Load Index Register X from Memory B6 DP Indexed,Y N-----Z- 2 4[2][8]
LDX addr,Y Load Index Register X from Memory BE Absolute Indexed,Y N-----Z- 3 4[3][8]
LDY #const Load Index Register Y from Memory A0 Immediate N-----Z- 2[14] 2[8]
LDY dp Load Index Register Y from Memory A4 Direct Page N-----Z- 2 3[2][8]
LDY addr Load Index Register Y from Memory AC Absolute N-----Z- 3 4[8]
LDY dp,X Load Index Register Y from Memory B4 DP Indexed,X N-----Z- 2 4[2][8]
LDY addr,X Load Index Register Y from Memory BC Absolute Indexed,X N-----Z- 3 4[3][8]
LSR dp Logical Shift Memory or Accumulator Right 46 Direct Page N-----ZC 2 5[2][4]
LSR A Logical Shift Memory or Accumulator Right 4A Accumulator N-----ZC 1 2
LSR addr Logical Shift Memory or Accumulator Right 4E Absolute N-----ZC 3 6[4]
LSR dp,X Logical Shift Memory or Accumulator Right 56 DP Indexed,X N-----ZC 2 6[2][4]
LSR addr,X Logical Shift Memory or Accumulator Right 5E Absolute Indexed,X N-----ZC 3 7[4]
MVN srcbk,destbk Block Move Negative 54 Block Move 3 1[3]
MVP srcbk,destbk Block Move Positive 44 Block Move 3 1[3]
NOP No Operation EA Implied 1 2
ORA (dp,X) OR Accumulator with Memory 01 DP Indexed Indirect,X N-----Z- 2 6[1][2]
ORA sr,S OR Accumulator with Memory 03 Stack Relative N-----Z- 2 4[1]
ORA dp OR Accumulator with Memory 05 Direct Page N-----Z- 2 3[1][2]
ORA [dp] OR Accumulator with Memory 07 DP Indirect Long N-----Z- 2 6[1][2]
ORA #const OR Accumulator with Memory 09 Immediate N-----Z- 2[12] 2[1]
ORA addr OR Accumulator with Memory 0D Absolute N-----Z- 3 4[1]
ORA long OR Accumulator with Memory 0F Absolute Long N-----Z- 4 5[1]
ORA (dp),Y OR Accumulator with Memory 11 DP Indirect Indexed, Y N-----Z- 2 5[1][2][3]
ORA (dp) OR Accumulator with Memory 12 DP Indirect N-----Z- 2 5[1][2]
ORA (sr,S),Y OR Accumulator with Memory 13 SR Indirect Indexed,Y N-----Z- 2 7[1]
ORA dp,X OR Accumulator with Memory 15 DP Indexed,X N-----Z- 2 4[1][2]
ORA [dp],Y OR Accumulator with Memory 17 DP Indirect Long Indexed, Y N-----Z- 2 6[1][2]
ORA addr,Y OR Accumulator with Memory 19 Absolute Indexed,Y N-----Z- 3 4[1][3]
ORA addr,X OR Accumulator with Memory 1D Absolute Indexed,X N-----Z- 3 4[1][3]
ORA long,X OR Accumulator with Memory 1F Absolute Long Indexed,X N-----Z- 4 5[1]
PEA addr Push Effective Absolute Address F4 Stack (Absolute) 3 5
PEI (dp) Push Effective Indirect Address D4 Stack (DP Indirect) 2 6[2]
PER label Push Effective PC Relative Indirect Address 62 Stack (PC Relative Long) 3 6
PHA Push Accumulator 48 Stack (Push) 1 3[1]
PHB Push Data Bank Register 8B Stack (Push) 1 3
PHD Push Direct Page Register 0B Stack (Push) 1 4
PHK Push Program Bank Register 4B Stack (Push) 1 3
PHP Push Processor Status Register 08 Stack (Push) 1 3
PHX Push Index Register X DA Stack (Push) 1 3[8]
PHY Push Index Register Y 5A Stack (Push) 1 3[8]
PLA Pull Accumulator 68 Stack (Pull) N-----Z- 1 4[1]
PLB Pull Data Bank Register AB Stack (Pull) N-----Z- 1 4
PLD Pull Direct Page Register 2B Stack (Pull) N-----Z- 1 5
PLP Pull Processor Status Register 28 Stack (Pull) NVMXDIZC 1 4
PLX Pull Index Register X FA Stack (Pull) N-----Z- 1 4[8]
PLY Pull Index Register Y 7A Stack (Pull) N-----Z- 1 4[8]
REP #const Reset Processor Status Bits C2 Immediate NVMXDIZC 2 3
ROL dp Rotate Memory or Accumulator Left 26 Direct Page N-----ZC 2 5[2][4]
ROL A Rotate Memory or Accumulator Left 2A Accumulator N-----ZC 1 2
ROL addr Rotate Memory or Accumulator Left 2E Absolute N-----ZC 3 6[4]
ROL dp,X Rotate Memory or Accumulator Left 36 DP Indexed,X N-----ZC 2 6[2][4]
ROL addr,X Rotate Memory or Accumulator Left 3E Absolute Indexed,X N-----ZC 3 7[4]
ROR dp Rotate Memory or Accumulator Right 66 Direct Page N-----ZC 2 5[2][4]
ROR A Rotate Memory or Accumulator Right 6A Accumulator N-----ZC 1 2
ROR addr Rotate Memory or Accumulator Right 6E Absolute N-----ZC 3 6[4]
ROR dp,X Rotate Memory or Accumulator Right 76 DP Indexed,X N-----ZC 2 6[2][4]
ROR addr,X Rotate Memory or Accumulator Right 7E Absolute Indexed,X N-----ZC 3 7[4]
RTI Return from Interrupt 40 Stack (RTI) NVMXDIZC 1 6[7]
RTL Return from Subroutine Long 6B Stack (RTL) 1 6
RTS Return from Subroutine 60 Stack (RTS) 1 6
SBC (dp,X) Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator E1 DP Indexed Indirect,X NV----ZC 2 6[1][2]
SBC sr,S Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator E3 Stack Relative NV----ZC 2 4[1]
SBC dp Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator E5 Direct Page NV----ZC 2 3[1][2]
SBC [dp] Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator E7 DP Indirect Long NV----ZC 2 6[1][2]
SBC #const Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator E9 Immediate NV----ZC 2[12] 2[1]
SBC addr Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator ED Absolute NV----ZC 3 4[1]
SBC long Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator EF Absolute Long NV----ZC 4 5[1]
SBC (dp),Y Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator F1 DP Indirect Indexed, Y NV----ZC 2 5[1][2][3]
SBC (dp) Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator F2 DP Indirect NV----ZC 2 5[1][2]
SBC (sr,S),Y Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator F3 SR Indirect Indexed,Y NV----ZC 2 7[1]
SBC dp,X Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator F5 DP Indexed,X NV----ZC 2 4[1][2]
SBC [dp],Y Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator F7 DP Indirect Long Indexed, Y NV----ZC 2 6[1][2]
SBC addr,Y Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator F9 Absolute Indexed,Y NV----ZC 3 4[1][3]
SBC addr,X Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator FD Absolute Indexed,X NV----ZC 3 4[1][3]
SBC long,X Subtract with Borrow from Accumulator FF Absolute Long Indexed,X NV----ZC 4 5[1]
SEC Set Carry Flag 38 Implied -------C 1 2
SED Set Decimal Flag F8 Implied ----D--- 1 2
SEI Set Interrupt Disable Flag 78 Implied -----I-- 1 2
SEP #const Set Processor Status Bits E2 Immediate NVMXDIZC 2 3
STA (dp,X) Store Accumulator to Memory 81 DP Indexed Indirect,X 2 6[1][2]
STA sr,S Store Accumulator to Memory 83 Stack Relative 2 4[1]
STA dp Store Accumulator to Memory 85 Direct Page 2 3[1][2]
STA [dp] Store Accumulator to Memory 87 DP Indirect Long 2 6[1][2]
STA addr Store Accumulator to Memory 8D Absolute 3 4[1]
STA long Store Accumulator to Memory 8F Absolute Long 4 5[1]
STA (dp),Y Store Accumulator to Memory 91 DP Indirect Indexed, Y 2 6[1][2]
STA (dp) Store Accumulator to Memory 92 DP Indirect 2 5[1][2]
STA (sr,S),Y Store Accumulator to Memory 93 SR Indirect Indexed,Y 2 7[1]
STA _dp_X Store Accumulator to Memory 95 DP Indexed,X 2 4[1][2]
STA [dp],Y Store Accumulator to Memory 97 DP Indirect Long Indexed, Y 2 6[1][2]
STA addr,Y Store Accumulator to Memory 99 Absolute Indexed,Y 3 5[1]
STA addr,X Store Accumulator to Memory 9D Absolute Indexed,X 3 5[1]
STA long,X Store Accumulator to Memory 9F Absolute Long Indexed,X 4 5[1]
STP Stop Processor DB Implied 1 3[9]
STX dp Store Index Register X to Memory 86 Direct Page 2 3[2][8]
STX addr Store Index Register X to Memory 8E Absolute 3 4[8]
STX dp,Y Store Index Register X to Memory 96 DP Indexed,Y 2 4[2][8]
STY dp Store Index Register Y to Memory 84 Direct Page 2 3[2][8]
STY addr Store Index Register Y to Memory 8C Absolute 3 4[8]
STY dp,X Store Index Register Y to Memory 94 DP Indexed,X 2 4[2][8]
STZ dp Store Zero to Memory 64 Direct Page 2 3[1][2]
STZ dp,X Store Zero to Memory 74 DP Indexed,X 2 4[1][2]
STZ addr Store Zero to Memory 9C Absolute 3 4[1]
STZ addr,X Store Zero to Memory 9E Absolute Indexed,X 3 5[1]
TAX Transfer Accumulator to Index Register X AA Implied N-----Z- 1 2
TAY Transfer Accumulator to Index Register Y A8 Implied N-----Z- 1 2
TCD Transfer 16-bit Accumulator to Direct Page Register 5B Implied N-----Z- 1 2
TCS Transfer 16-bit Accumulator to Stack Pointer 1B Implied 1 2
TDC Transfer Direct Page Register to 16-bit Accumulator 7B Implied N-----Z- 1 2
TRB dp Test and Reset Memory Bits Against Accumulator 14 Direct Page ------Z- 2 5[2][4]
TRB addr Test and Reset Memory Bits Against Accumulator 1C Absolute ------Z- 3 6[4]
TSB dp Test and Set Memory Bits Against Accumulator 04 Direct Page ------Z- 2 5[2][4]
TSB addr Test and Set Memory Bits Against Accumulator 0C Absolute ------Z- 3 6[4]
TSC Transfer Stack Pointer to 16-bit Accumulator 3B Implied N-----Z- 1 2
TSX Transfer Stack Pointer to Index Register X BA Implied N-----Z- 1 2
TXA Transfer Index Register X to Accumulator 8A Implied N-----Z- 1 2
TXS Transfer Index Register X to Stack Pointer 9A Implied 1 2
TXY Transfer Index Register X to Index Register Y 9B Implied N-----Z- 1 2
TYA Transfer Index Register Y to Accumulator 98 Implied N-----Z- 1 2
TYX Transfer Index Register Y to Index Register X BB Implied N-----Z- 1 2
WAI Wait for Interrupt CB Implied 1 3[10]
WDM Reserved for Future Expansion 42 2 0[11]
XBA Exchange B and A 8-bit Accumulators EB Implied N-----Z- 1 3
XCE Exchange Carry and Emulation Flags FB Implied --MX---CE 1 2
1:

Add 1 cycle if m=0 (16-bit memory/accumulator)

2:

Add 1 cycle if low byte of Direct Page Register is non-zero

3:

Add 1 cycle if adding index crosses a page boundary or x=0 (16-bit index registers)

4:

Add 2 cycles if m=0 (16-bit memory/accumulator)

5:

Add 1 cycle if branch is taken

6:

Add 1 cycle if branch taken crosses page boundary in emulation mode (e=1)

7:

Add 1 cycle for 65816 native mode (e=0)

8:

Add 1 cycle if x=0 (16-bit index registers)

9:

Uses 3 cycles to shut the processor down: additional cycles are required by reset to restart it

10:

Uses 3 cycles to shut the processor down: additional cycles are required by interrupt to restart it

11:

Byte and cycle counts subject to change in future processors which expand WDM into 2-byte opcode portions of instructions of varying lengths

12:

Add 1 byte if m=0 (16-bit memory/accumulator)

13:

Opcode is 1 byte, but program counter value pushed onto stack is incremented by 2 allowing for optional signature byte

14:

Add 1 byte if x=0 (16-bit index registers)

Instruction Usage

ADC - Add with carry

Adds operand to the Accumulator; adds an additional 1 if carry is set.

A: 0010    ADC #$50    ; adds $50 to accumulator or 51 if carry is set
A: 0060            ; result

AND - Perform AND to Accumulator

The operand is "AND"ed to the Accumulator. eg.

A: 0010    AND #$80    ; "AND"s $80 to accumulator
A: 0000

ASL - Left shifts Accumulator, Memory

Shifts Memory or Accumulator left one BIT. eg.

A: 0010    ASL A    ; Shift left by 1: 0x10 << 1
A: 0020

BCC - Branch if carry clear

Jump to a new location within the -128 to 127 range if the carry flag is clear. Useful for comparing two numbers, branching if the second number less than the first. eg.

P: --mxdi--        BCC next    ; since the carry flag is clear, it'll jump to next
                   LDA #$00    ; this will not be executed
          next:    LDA #$40

BCS - Branch if carry set

Like BCC, but only when carry is set. Good for branching "if greater than or equal to" in a comparison.

BEQ - Branch if equal

Branches is zero flag is set. This is useful for comparing numbers. eg.

 CPX #$50    ; if X is = $50, the zero flag is set
 BEQ next    ; branches to next if X = $50
 LDA #$44
next:
 LDA #$00

BIT - Bit Test

Performs AND except only the flags are modified. eg.

A: 0010    BIT #$80    ; "AND"s $80 to accumulator but result not stored
A: 0010

BMI - Branch if Minus

Branches if negative flag is set.

BNE - Branch if not equal

Branches if zero flag clear. Good when used with comparison. You can branch if the number it not equal to.

BPL - Branch if plus

Branches if negative flag clear.

BRA - Branch always

Branch to location PC + n where n is the difference between the current PC and the label we want to branch to.

BRK - Break Point

Causes a software interrupt. The PC is loaded from the interrupt vector table from $00FFE6 in native mode, or $00FFF6 in emulation mode.

BRL - Branch Relative Long

Like BRA but with longer range (-32768 to 32767).

BVC - Branch if Overflow Clear

Branches if overflow flag is clear.

BVS - Branch if Overflow Set

Opposite of BVC.

CLC - Clear Carry Flag

Clears the carry flag.

CLD - Clear Decimal Flag

Clears the decimal flag.

CLI - Clear Interrupt Flag

Clears the interrupt Flag.

CLV - Clear Overflow Flag

Clears the Overflow flag.

CMP - Compare Accumulator with memory

CPX - Compare X with memory

CPY - Compare Y with memory

Compares Accumulator, X or Y with the operand. The n-----zc flags are affected by the comparison. If the result is negative, the n flag is set. If the result is zero (or equal), the z flag is set. Carry is clear when borrow is required; that is, if the register is less than the operand. eg.

A: 0020 P: --mx-i--        CMP #$20    ; compare accumulator with $20, if equal, z flag is set
A: 0020 P: --mx-iz-        BEQ next    ; branch if equal

COP - Co-Processor

Causes a software interrupt. The PC is loaded from the interrupt vector table from $00FFE4 in native mode, or $00FFF4 in emulation mode.

DEC - Decrement Accumulator

DEX - Decrement X

DEY - Decrement Y

Subtracts 1 from A, X or Y. eg.

Y: 0001    DEY
Y: 0000

EOR - Exclusive OR accumulator

Also known as "XOR". Performs XOR to the Accumulator. eg.

A: FFFF    EOR #$DDDD
A: 2222

INC - Increment Accumulator

INX - Increment X

INY - Increment Y

Adds 1 to A, X or Y. eg.

A: 0000    INC
A: 0001

JMP - Jump to location

JML - Jump long

The JMP command will jump to a location within the bank. The JML will jump to places out of the current bank. eg.

PBR: $80    JMP $5500      ; jumps to $80:5500
PBR: $80    JML $908000    ; jumps to $90:8000
PBR: $90                   ; the PBR is updated in long jump

JSR - Jump Subroutine

JSL - Jump Subroutine Long

If you already know a programming language, this is basically calling a function. This performs the same as JMP except the address of the current program counter is saved. In subroutines, the RTS and RTL are used to return back to the saved address.

LDA - Load Accumulator with memory

LDX - Load X with memory

LDY - Load Y with memory

Loads the Accumulator, X, Y with a value.

LSR - Shift Right Accumulator, Memory

Shifts Memory or Accumulator right one bit. The previously rightmost bit (the one shifted out) is stored in the carry flag. eg.

A: 0080    LSR A    ; Shift right by 1: 0x80 >> 1
A: 0040

MVN - Block move negative

MVP - Block move positive

A should hold the number of bytes to transfer minus one, meaning that a value of zero will transfer one byte. X and Y are the source and destination addresses, respectively, leaving out the banks. The banks are passed as the two operands of the instruction.

In MVN, X and Y are the bottom bytes of the source and destination blocks. After a byte is copied, both X and Y are incremented and A is decremented until A reaches $FFFF (after decrementing $0000), meaning that bytes from X to X + A were copied to the range from Y to Y + A.

In MVP, X and Y are the top bytes of the source and destination blocks. X, Y and A are decremented after each byte is copied, until A reaches $FFFF, so bytes from X to X - A are copied to the range from Y to Y - A.

Usually, MVN is used when the destination range is in a lower address than the source, otherwise MVP is used. This is a rule that avoids problems when the two address ranges overlap, assuring that every overlapping byte is read before being overwritten. However, as long as the programmer is aware of the consequences, it is possible to get useful results using the instructions the other way.

                           ; This example follows the rule of thumb: (src < dest) -> MVP
                           ; So it copies the memory as expected
X: ???? Y: ???? A: ????    REP #$30     ; Make Accumulator and index 16-bit
X: ???? Y: ???? A: ????    LDX #$1100   ; Set X to $1100
X: 1100 Y: ???? A: ????    LDY #$1180   ; Set Y to $1180
X: 1100 Y: 1180 A: ????    LDA #$00FF   ; Set A to $00FF
X: 1100 Y: 1180 A: 00FF    MVP $7E,$7E  ; Block move $100 bytes from $7E:1001-1100 -> $7E:1081-1180
X: 1000 Y: 1080 A: FFFF    ...

                           ; This example does not follow the rule
                           ; (taken from Bushi Seiryuuden, 808B2F-808B3A)
                           ; In this case, two bytes are repeated over and over
X: ???? Y: ???? A: ????    LDX #$28C0   ; Set X to $28C0
X: 28C0 Y: ???? A: ????    LDY #$28C2   ; Set Y to $28C2
X: 28C0 Y: 28C2 A: ????    LDA #$013D   ; Set A to $013D
X: 28C0 Y: 28C2 A: 013D    MVN $7E,$7E  ; The values at $7E:28C0-28C1 are repeated for $013E bytes
X: 29FE Y: 2A00 A: FFFF    ...

NOP - No operation

Does nothing but take up 2 cycles.

ORA - OR Accumulator with memory

Performs "OR" to Accumulator. eg.

A: 005F    ORA #$7F    ; 0x5F | 0x7F
A: 007F

PEA - Push Effective Address

Pushes a 16-bit operand onto the stack. The instruction is very misleading because you are really pushing an immediate onto the stack. eg.

S: 1FFF    PEA $FFFF    ; Pushes $FFFF onto the stack
S: 1FFD                 ; stack decrements by 2

PEI - Push Effective Indirect Address

Pushes a 16-bit value from the indirect address of the operand. eg.

Memory Dump:
0000: 23 33 45 22 DD C7 FF 8D
0001: 99 99 90 88 DD FF CC 67
S: 1FFF    PEI ($01)    ; push $4533 on the stack
S: 1FFD

PER - Push Program Counter Relative

Pushes a 16-bit from that address taken by the current PC added to the operand. The range must be within (0-65535).

PHA - Push Accumulator

PHD - Push Direct Page Register

PHK - Push Program Bank

PHX - Push X

PHY - Push Y

Pushes the operand onto the stack.

PLA - Pull Accumulator

PLD - Pull Direct Page Register

PLP - Pull Flags

PLX - Pull X

PLY - Pull Y

Pops a value off the stack and stores it in the operand.

REP - Reset Flag

Clears the BITs specified in the operands of the flag. eg.

REP #$30    ; Clears bit 4 & 5 to make A, X, Y 16-bits

ROL - Rotate Bit Left

Equivalent to ASL, except the carry flag rather than a zero is shifted into the least significant bit. This operation acts as a 9-bit rotation in 8-bit mode or a 17-bit rotation in 16-bit mode.

A: 8000    ROL A    ; rotate 1 left
A: 0001

ROR - Rotate Bit Right

Equivalent to LSR, except the carry flag rather than a zero is shifted into the most significant bit rather than a zero. This operation acts as a 9-bit rotation in 8-bit mode or a 17-bit rotation in 16-bit mode.

A: 0001    ROR A    ; rotate 1 right
A: 8000

RTI - Return from Interrupt

Used to return from a interrupt handler.

RTS - Return from Subroutine

RTL - Return from Subroutine Long

Return the PC to the saved address caused by the JSR and JSL command. eg.

    JSL sub       ; jump to subroutine at label "sub"
    .
    .
    .
sub:
    LDA #$0000    ; some code
    RTL           ; return

SBC - Subtract with Carry

Subtracts operand from the Accumulator; subtracts an additional 1 if carry is clear.

SEC - Set Carry Flag

Sets the carry flag.

SED - Set Decimal Flag

Sets the decimal flag.

SEI - Set Interrupt Flag

Sets the interrupt flag.

SEP - Set Flag

Sets certain bits of the flag depending on the operand. eg.

SEP #$20    ; set bit 5 of P to make A 8-bits

STA - Store Accumulator to memory

STX - Store X to memory

STY - Store Y to memory

Stores the Accumulator, X or Y to a memory location. eg.

A: 000F    SEP #$20     ; 8-bit A
A: 000F    STA $2100    ; Stores $0F to $2100

STP - Stop the clock

Dies.

STZ - Store zero to memory

Stores zero to a memory location. eg.

STZ $2101    ; store 0 to $2101

TAX - Transfer Accumulator to X

TAY - Transfer Accumulator to Y

TCD - Transfer Accumulator to Direct Page

sets the direct page to whatever is in A

LDA #$0000    ; the C refers to 16-bit A
TCD
LDA $34       ; same as LDA $0034

TCS - Transfer Accumulator to Stack

TDC - Transfer Direct Page to Accumulator

if direct page is 0 then this functions to clear out 16BIT A

LDA.w #$0000  ; 3 bytes, 3 cycles
TDC           ; 1 byte, 2 cycles

TSC - Transfer Stack to Accumulator

TSX - Transfer stack to X

TXA - Transfer X to Accumulator

TXS - Transfer X to Stack

TXY - Transfer X to Y

TYA - Transfer Y to Accumulator

TYX - Transfer Y to X

Copies the content of one register to another. eg.

A: 0099 X: 1FFF Y:5656 D:0020 S: FFFF    REP #$30
A: 0099 X: 1FFF Y:5656 D:0020 S: FFFF    LDA #$0000    ; load A with 0
A: 0000 X: 1FFF Y:5656 D:0020 S: FFFF    TCD           ; transfer A -> D
A: 0000 X: 1FFF Y:5656 D:0000 S: FFFF    TXA           ; X -> A
A: 1FFF X: 1FFF Y:5656 D:0000 S: FFFF    TCS           ; A -> S
A: 1FFF X: 1FFF Y:5656 D:0000 S: 1FFF

You get the idea.

Note: Transfers are the width of the desination register, so care should be taken when transferring 8-bit to 16-bit registers.

TRB - Test and Reset Bit

Tests the bit similarly to "AND", and clears it, while affecting the flags.

TSB - Test and Set Bit

Tests the bit similarly to "AND", and sets it, while affecting the flags.

WAI - Wait for Interrupt

Waits until a hardware interrupt is triggered.

XCE - Exchange Carry with Emulation

Well, the 65816 has actually 2 modes. Native and (6502) emulation mode. This tutorial deals with native only. The emulation bit shares the same bit as the carry flag so to put ourselves in native mode, we can only set the emulation flag via the carry and exchanging it. For native mode, the emulation flag must be off. To switch to native mode, we must clear the carry and exchange it. eg.

CLC
XCE

Instruction usage adapted from Jay's ASM Tutorial

Datasheets, Manuals etc.

Western Design Center Inc. has documentation on the 65816 here.

Of particular interest would be the assembly-programming-manual-for-w65c816.pdf aka "Programming the 65816 including the 6502, 65C02, and 65802" by David Eyes and Ron Lichty.